Questions about conflict: 1. how did the Yemeni conflict it start? The Yemeni conflict began in 2014 when Houthis (Shia Muslims) began to go against the Sunni Muslim government, taking control of Sana'a Yemen's capital. The Houthis started demanding the government for things, and when the government declined the Houthis used force to take over the presidential palace in 2015 (War in Yemen | Global Conflict Tracker). After taking control the president had to flee in March 2015. (Yemen: Why Is the War There Getting More Violent) 2. What role do external actors, such as Saudi Arabia and Iran, play in the Yemen conflict? Iran regards the Houthis as part of the 'axis of resistance,' which is a military alliance led by Iran and it has mainly the Middle Eastern nations. Due to this association, the United States has raised concerns about Iran potentially supplying rockets and drones to the Houthis. While this theory is reasonable, it may lack concrete evidence. Despite Iran's alignment with the Houthis, there is limited substantial proof indicating a significant role played by Iran in the Yemeni conflict. (Yemen: Why Is the War There Getting More Violent?). 3. Are there any potential solutions or strategies for resolving the Yemen conflict peacefully? Maktary Shoqi states that there are 3 main factors that can lead to stability in Yemen, 1) the degree of popular acceptance for peace and coexistence; 2) the degree to which representative mediators and interlocutors work to implement the deal within their community and provide services; and 3) the degree to which the public accepts the validity of a peace deal. The first one is referring to all the people of Yemen to accept peace. The second one is implementing that Yemen could have peace if local leaders would actively offer peace deals and provide essential items. The third factor is telling us that if there is widespread peace agreement there would be an end to the conflict. All of these are hard to achieve due to the ongoing civil war. Putting a stop to the conflict is extremely difficult but can be done. 4. How has the Yemen conflict affected Yemen's historical sites? According to Khalidi, there have been numerous instances of damage and destruction to archaeological sites, museums, mosques, churches, tombs, monuments, old cities, World Heritage sites, and many others in Yemen. Out of these, 59 sites have suffered damage or destruction, primarily because of bombings by the Saudi coalition. (Khalidi, Lamya.) Questions about advocacy campaigns: 4. What is an advocacy campaign An advocacy campaign is an effort to make something heard, it is used to spread word and gain supporters for your intended cause. Using many advocacy strategies, you can convey your message and make your audience support your goal. The reason people make advocacy campaigns is to give voice to the people/things that are not heard. 2. How will I make my website more visible on google without money? Kristen McCormick, a well-known expert in improving website visibility on Google, points out that using the right keywords in your page tags is essential to show up in search results. It's like telling Google what your website is all about. Additionally, connecting the pages within your website through links helps Google navigate and find your content more easily. When people search on Google, the words they use guide it to find relevant websites. Making catchy titles is also key because they grab people's attention and get them to click on your site. 3. What tools and tactics can be used to maximize the reach and impact of advocacy campaigns? To increase the effectiveness and influence of my advocacy campaign, email marketing is the ideal approach. This is because it doesn't demand money like advertising on social media does, yet it can still reach a similar-sized audience. Email marketing can greatly contribute to the success of the advocacy campaign. And identifying your target audience is essential for promoting the advocacy campaign effectively. This is because if we send emails to random individuals, we won't generate the same level of revenue and donations as we would from those who are genuinely interested and compassionate about global issues. (Voters Voice) 4. What are the challenges and opportunities of collaborating with other organizations (such as UNWFP and Islamic relief foundation) or individuals in advocacy campaigns? There are many upsides when working with the UNWFP or the Islamic relief foundation. Things like making your advocacy campaign more visible is possible using big non-profit organizations. This is because you can ask donation companies to advertise your advocacy campaign leading to more donations and more website views, this helps spread the word and message. Teamwork can simplify things, especially with your donations. Instead of handling and distributing donated funds on your own, you can rely on your collaborator to take care of this task. Your collaborator can handle the responsibility of managing and distributing the funds. (How Nonprofit Advocacy Can Work for You.) Questions SDG-related problem you selected: 1. What solutions and technologies can be employed to improve food production and storage in Yemen's challenging environment? If Yemen gets technology to autonomously generate crops or let less Sana’a citizens work in the farms by using new technology, they could get more food made, and faster. The report mentioned that 10,000 Sana'a citizens still work on some 9,300 hectares of agricultural land in the city, and that 37,500 tons of vegetables, forage, fruits, qat and other seasonal grain crops are produced on 7,700 hectares. (Yemen: Urban Agriculture) If 10,000 citizens are really working in the farm, innovating farmland could affect Yemen positively 2. What are the SDG 2 guidelines, and what are the subheadings of “Zero Hunger”? - Undernourishment: the amount of food needed to act normally is not being fulfilled. - Food insecurity: how families and people are unable to eat healthy or regularly, - Child stunting: kids that are significantly shorter than the average size because of bad nutrition or infections -Child wasting: Children who weigh less than average due to malnutrition -double productivity for small scale food producers: the small-scale food producers are in the bottom 40% of land being used -Sustanible food production: how stable the food production is Internal citations: (Our world data team) 3. What percentage of kids are going through the child stunting under the SDG 2 in Yemen? According to Our world data team in 2003 57.30% of kids were undergoing stunting. This decreased to 46.40% in 2013. If 46.40% of children were undergoing stunting before the Yemen civil war, hypothetically the number of children in Yemen undergoing stunting would be much greater. After the Houthis destroyed their food sources it has been much harder for kids to not face stunting 4. Who created SDG goals? The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro created the SDG goals to make international goals to meet the challenges in this world Other: 1. Does Yemen have the most malnutrition in the world? According to Statista, Yemen remains as the most affected country by malnutrition. Standing at a bizarre index of 45.1. 2. Why doesn’t the US interrupt the Yemeni conflict? Joe Biden has decided to stop helping Yemen fight the Houthis because of “offensive operations” but it will continue to help Saudi Arabia and will still fight off groups that are a threat to the United States like the ISIS and Al-Qaeda. (Ward, Alex) 3. When is the Yemeni civil war predicted to end? It is hard to know when the Yemeni civil war will end, The Houthis have ceasefire, but it is still unknown when it will end. (No End to Yemen Civil War on the Horizon) 4. how much money has been raised to aid Yemen? UN has raised 1.2 billion dollars to aid Yemen, falling short of the targeted amount by almost 3.1 billion dollars. (PBS NewsHour) MLA CITATIONS: “Background on the Goals | United Nations Development Programme.” UNDP, 2015, www.undp.org/sdg-accelerator/backgroundgoals#:~:text=The%20Sustainable%20Development%20Goals%20(SDGs,economic%20challen ges%20facing%20our%20world. Accessed 18 Sept. 2023. “Ecommerce Fulfillment: 3 Strategies to Fulfill Online Orders (2020).” The BigCommerce Blog, 21 Mar. 2023, www.bigcommerce.com/blog/ecommerce-fulfillment/. Falk, Thomas O. “The Limits of Iran’s Influence on Yemen’s Houthi Rebels.” Conflict News | Al Jazeera, Al Jazeera, 8 Mar. 2022, www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/8/the-limits-ofirans-influence-on-yemens-houthirebels#:~:text=’Axis%20of%20resistance’,denies%20sending%20the%20group%20weapo ns. “Feeding the Future: IFC’s Global Food Security Platform Confronts Multiple, Overlapping Crises.” IFC, 2022, www.ifc.org/en/stories/2022/global-food-security-platform. Accessed 18 Sept. 2023. Grella, Craig. “Advocacy | a Rundown of the Basics with Real-World Examples.” Salsalabs.com, 2021, www.salsalabs.com/blog/advocacy-campaign-planning. Accessed 17 Sept. 2023. “How Nonprofit Advocacy Can Work for You.” Ensync-Corp.com, 17 Sept. 2023, www.ensynccorp.com/blog/ensync-corp.com/blog/nonprofitadvocacy#:~:text=You%20can%20convene%20similar%20nonprofits,to%20proceed%20t owards%20your%20goals. Accessed 17 Sept. 2023. Khalidi, Lamya. “The Destruction of Yemen and Its Cultural Heritage: International Journal of Middle East Studies.” Cambridge Core, Cambridge University Press, 16 Oct. 2017, www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east- studies/article/destruction-of-yemen-and-its-culturalheritage/53D08264CAACB808618BCF9D70053D25. Maktary Shoqi, and Katie Smith. “Pathways for Peace Stability in Yemen - Search for Common Ground.” PATHWAYS FOR PEACE & STABILITY IN YEMEN, search for common ground, www.sfcg.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Yemen-Peace-Analysis_FINAL.pdf. Accessed 11 Sept. 2023. McCormick, Kristen. “15 Ways to Make Your Website More Visible - Wordstream.” 15 Ways to Make Your Website More Visible on Google, 11 Aug. 2021, www.wordstream.com/blog/ws/2020/11/17/website-visibility. “Most Malnourished Countries Worldwide 2022 | Statista.” Statista, Statista, 2022, www.statista.com/statistics/269924/countries-most-affected-by-hunger-in-the-worldaccording-to-world-hungerindex/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Global%20Hunger,with%20an%20index%20o f%2044. Accessed 18 Sept. 2023. “No End to Yemen Civil War on the Horizon, Senior UN Official Briefs Security Council.” UN News, 23 Aug. 2021, news.un.org/en/story/2021/08/1098272. Accessed 18 Sept. 2023. Our World in Data team (2023) - "End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture". Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/sdgs/zero-hunger' [Online Resource] VoterVoice. “13 Advocacy Strategies for Running a Successful Campaign” Voter PBS NewsHour. “UN Raises $1.2 Billion for Yemen Humanitarian Crisis, Far below Its 2023 Target.” PBS NewsHour, 27 Feb. 2023, www.pbs.org/newshour/world/un-raises-1-2- billion-for-yemen-humanitarian-crisis-far-below-its-2023-target. Accessed 18 Sept. 2023. Voice, 16 Nov.2020, info.votervoice.net/resources/13-advocacy-strategies-for-running-asuccessful-campaign. Accessed 16 Sept. 2023. Ward, Alex. “Why Biden Isn’t Pulling All US Support for Yemen War and Saudi Forces.” Vox, Vox, 5 Feb. 2021, www.vox.com/22268082/biden-yemen-war-saudi-state-speech. Accessed 18 Sept. 2023. “War in Yemen | Global Conflict Tracker.” Council on Foreign Relations, Council on Foreign Relations, 31 July 2023, www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/war-yemen. “Yemen: Urban Agriculture - a Solution to Food Insecurity - Yemen.” ReliefWeb, 28 Dec. 2009, reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen-urban-agriculture-solution-food-insecurity. Accessed 18 Sept. 2023. “Yemen: Why Is the War There Getting More Violent?” BBC News, BBC, 14 Apr. 2023, www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29319423.